PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126342 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	European Faunal Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian					0.0042
		Greenlandian					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian			Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian	Yushean	Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian		Ruscinian		Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene	3.6
			Hemphillian				4.7
					Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian		Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian		Turolian			7.246
				Vallesian			8.7
			Clarendonian				9.4
					Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian		Astaracian		Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian			Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian		Orleanian		Early Miocene	15.98
			Hemingfordian				16.3
			Hemingfordian		Xiejiaan		16.9
			Arikareean				18.5
				Agenian			20
		Aquitanian		Agenian			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene	27.82
			Whitneyan				29.5
			Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean			Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean			Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian			Early Eocene	47.8
			Wasatchian				50.5
			Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Puercan			Early Paleocene	63.8
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