PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
									18.5
									20.9
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Deseadan	Late Oligocene	23.03 *
					Monroecreekian				23.1 *
					Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene	27.82
							Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Whitneyan						29.5
			Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
			Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan		35.9 *
			Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean					Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian							41.2
							Mustersan		41.9 *
			Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	47.8
							Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
			Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican	Late Paleocene	56
			Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican		56.2
							Itaboraian		56.9 *
							Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene	61.6
							Tiupampan		62.4 *
			Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan		63.8
									66