PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126585 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
						18.5
						20.9
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Arikareean	Deseadan	Late Oligocene	23.03 *
		Rupelian		Deseadan	Early Oligocene	27.82
				Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Whitneyan			29.5
			Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Late Eocene	33.9
			Chadronian	Divisaderan		35.9 *
			Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean		Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian				41.2
				Mustersan		41.9 *
			Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	47.8
				Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Wasatchian			50.5
			Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Riochican	Late Paleocene	56
			Tiffanian	Riochican		56.2
				Itaboraian		56.9 *
				Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Tiupampan		62.4 *
			Puercan	Tiupampan		63.8
						66