PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
								18.5
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	Late Oligocene	23.03
				Monroecreekian				23.1 *
				Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian			Early Oligocene	27.82
						Whitneyan		29.5
						Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean	Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean	Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	Early Eocene	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian		50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	Early Paleocene	63.8
								66