International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126150 collections
International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | European Faunal Zones | Cenozoic Subepochs | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | 0 | |||||||||
Northgrippian | 0.0042 | |||||||||||
Greenlandian | 0.0082 | |||||||||||
Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Sheridanian | Late Pleistocene | 0.0117 | ||||||||
Chibanian | Middle Pleistocene | 0.129 | ||||||||||
Cudahyan/Sappan | 0.21 | |||||||||||
Calabrian | Early Pleistocene | 0.774 | ||||||||||
Senecan/Rexroadian | 1.4 | |||||||||||
Gelasian | MN 17 | 1.8 | ||||||||||
Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | MN 16 | Late Pliocene | 2.58 | |||||||
MN 15 | 3.2 | |||||||||||
Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | ||||||||||
MN 14 | 4.2 | |||||||||||
Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||||
MN 13 | 4.9 | |||||||||||
Miocene | Messinian | Late Miocene | 5.333 | |||||||||
Tortonian | MN 12 | 7.246 | ||||||||||
MN 11 | 7.75 | |||||||||||
MN 10 | 8.7 | |||||||||||
Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||||
MN 9 | 9.7 | |||||||||||
MN 7 + 8 | 11.1 | |||||||||||
Serravallian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | ||||||||||
late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||||
MN 6 | 12.8 * | |||||||||||
Langhian | MN 5 | 13.82 | ||||||||||
Burdigalian | MN 4 | Early Miocene | 15.98 | |||||||||
Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||||
MN 3 | 16.9 | |||||||||||
late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean | Harrisonian | 18.5 | ||||||||||
MN 2 | 20 | |||||||||||
Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||||
MN 1 | 22.4 | |||||||||||
Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Late Oligocene | 23.03 | ||||||||
Monroecreekian | 23.1 * | |||||||||||
Geringian | 24.7 * | |||||||||||
Rupelian | Early Oligocene | 27.82 | ||||||||||
29.5 | ||||||||||||
Eocene | Priabonian | Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian | Late Eocene | 33.9 | ||||||||
37 | ||||||||||||
Bartonian | Middle Eocene | 37.71 | ||||||||||
Late Uintan/Early Uintan | 39.7 | |||||||||||
Lutetian | 41.2 | |||||||||||
Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian | 46.2 | |||||||||||
Ypresian | Early Eocene | 47.8 | ||||||||||
Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean | 50.5 | |||||||||||
Cf3/Cf2/Cf1 | 54.9 | |||||||||||
Paleocene | Thanetian | Late Paleocene | 56 | |||||||||
Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1 | 56.2 | |||||||||||
Selandian | Middle Paleocene | 59.2 | ||||||||||
To3/To2/To1 | 60.9 | |||||||||||
Danian | Early Paleocene | 61.6 | ||||||||||
Pu3/Pu2/Pu1 | 63.8 | |||||||||||
66 |