PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126585 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
								18.5
								20.9
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Deseadan	Late Oligocene	23.03 *
				Monroecreekian				23.1 *
				Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene	27.82
						Tinguirirican		28.9 *
								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan		35.9 *
								37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian						41.2
						Mustersan		41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene	47.8
						Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican	Late Paleocene	56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican		56.2
						Itaboraian		56.9 *
						Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian					Early Paleocene	61.6
						Tiupampan		62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan		63.8
								66