PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126011 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †	Yushean	Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene	3.6
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
							Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
							Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian					Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Xiejiaan		16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene	23.03
				Monroecreekian					23.1 *
				Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian				Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Early Eocene	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
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