International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | Central Paratethys Stages | North American Land Mammal Ages | Cenozoic Subepochs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.4 | |||||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Senecan/Rexroadian | Blancan | Late Pliocene | 2.58 | |||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | |||||||||
| Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Late Miocene | 5.333 | ||||||||
| Tortonian | Pannonian | 7.246 | |||||||||
| Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||
| Serravallian | Sarmatian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | ||||||||
| late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||
| Badenian | 12.8 * | ||||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | ||||||||||
| Burdigalian | Early Miocene | 15.98 | |||||||||
| Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||
| late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian | Arikareean | 18.5 | |||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | ||||||||||
| 23.03 * | |||||||||||
| 23.1 | |||||||||||
| 29.5 | |||||||||||