PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125993 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ten Million Year Bins		Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian								0.129
		Calabrian								0.774
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Cenozoic 3				37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian	Cenozoic 2				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan		Cenozoic 1				56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian			Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan			Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4		Late Albian		100.5
								Middle Albian		106.2 *
								Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian		113
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian		139.8
								Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
								Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian				Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian		174.7
								Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
								Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian				Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian						Sevatian		208.5
								Alaunian		213.2 *
								Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Triassic 3		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Triassic 3		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
										251.902