International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
  • J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
  • A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleSouth American Land Mammal AgesNorth American Land Mammal AgesCenozoic SubepochsEuropean Faunal Zones
QuaternaryHoloceneMeghalayanSaintaugustinean0
Santarosean0.0004
Northgrippian0.0042
Greenlandian0.0082
PleistoceneLate PleistoceneLujanianLate Pleistocene0.0117
Rancholabrean0.014
ChibanianMiddle Pleistocene0.129
Irvingtonian0.21
Ensenadan0.3 *
CalabrianEarly Pleistocene0.774
Blancan1.4
SanandresianUquian †1.7 *
GelasianMN 171.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianVorohueanLate PlioceneMN 162.58
Chapadmalalan2.9 *
MN 153.2
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
Montehermosan3.7 *
MN 144.2
Hemphillian4.7
HuayquerianMN 134.9 *
MioceneMessinianLate Miocene5.333
TortonianMN 127.246
MN 117.75
Chasicoan7.9 *
MN 108.7
Clarendonian9.4
MN 99.7
Mayoan9.9 *
Laventan10.9 *
MN 7 + 811.1
SerravallianMiddle Miocene11.63
Barstovian12.5
MN 612.8 *
Colloncuran13.7 *
LanghianMN 513.82
Friasian15.4 *
BurdigalianEarly MioceneMN 415.98
Santacrucian16.2 *
Hemingfordian16.3
MN 316.9
Colhuehuapian17.4 *
Arikareean18.5
MN 220
Aquitanian20.44
Deseadan20.9 *
MN 122.4
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianLate Oligocene23.03
RupelianEarly Oligocene27.82
Tinguirirican28.9 *
Whitneyan29.5
Orellan31.8
EocenePriabonianChadronianLate Eocene33.9
Divisaderan35.9 *
Duchesnean37
BartonianMiddle Eocene37.71
Uintan39.7
Lutetian41.2
Mustersan41.9 *
Bridgerian46.2
YpresianEarly Eocene47.8
Casamayoran47.9 *
Wasatchian50.5
Clarkforkian54.9
PaleoceneThanetianRiochicanLate Paleocene56
Tiffanian56.2
Itaboraian56.9 *
Peligran58.9 *
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
Torrejonian60.9
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Tiupampan62.4 *
Puercan63.8
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