International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
- Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
This timescale is used in the definition of 127688 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Cenozoic Subepochs | Neogene Mammal Ages of China | North American Land Mammal Ages | European Faunal Zones | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.4 | ||||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Late Pliocene | Yushean | Blancan | MN 16 | 2.58 | |||
| MN 15 | 3.2 | |||||||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | ||||||||
| MN 14 | 4.2 | |||||||||
| Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||
| Baodean | MN 13 | 4.9 | ||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Late Miocene | 5.333 | |||||||
| Tortonian | MN 12 | 7.246 | ||||||||
| MN 11 | 7.75 | |||||||||
| MN 10 | 8.7 | |||||||||
| Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||
| MN 9 | 9.7 | |||||||||
| Tunggurian | MN 7 + 8 | 11.1 | ||||||||
| Serravallian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | ||||||||
| Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||
| MN 6 | 12.8 * | |||||||||
| Langhian | Shanwangian | MN 5 | 13.82 | |||||||
| Burdigalian | Early Miocene | MN 4 | 15.98 | |||||||
| Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||
| Xiejiaan | MN 3 | 16.9 | ||||||||
| Arikareean | 18.5 | |||||||||
| MN 2 | 20 | |||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||
| MN 1 | 22.4 | |||||||||
| 23.03 | ||||||||||
| 29.5 | ||||||||||