PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones	European Faunal Zones
						1.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene	Senecan/Rexroadian	MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		MN 15	3.6
					MN 14	4.2
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian	MN 14	4.7
					MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene		MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12	7.246
					MN 11	7.75
					MN 10	8.7
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian	MN 10	9.4
					MN 9	9.7
					MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene			11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian		12.5
					MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene		MN 4	15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian	MN 4	16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian	MN 3	16.9
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian	MN 3	18.5
					MN 2	20
		Aquitanian			MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1	22.4
						23.03 *
						23.1
						29.5