International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | North American Land Mammal Ages | European Faunal Zones | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.4 | |||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Senecan/Rexroadian | Blancan | MN 16 | 2.58 | |
| MN 15 | 3.2 | ||||||
| Zanclean | 3.6 | ||||||
| MN 14 | 4.2 | ||||||
| Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||
| MN 13 | 4.9 | ||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | 5.333 | |||||
| Tortonian | MN 12 | 7.246 | |||||
| MN 11 | 7.75 | ||||||
| MN 10 | 8.7 | ||||||
| Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||
| MN 9 | 9.7 | ||||||
| MN 7 + 8 | 11.1 | ||||||
| Serravallian | 11.63 | ||||||
| late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||
| MN 6 | 12.8 * | ||||||
| Langhian | MN 5 | 13.82 | |||||
| Burdigalian | MN 4 | 15.98 | |||||
| Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||
| MN 3 | 16.9 | ||||||
| late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian | Arikareean | 18.5 | |||||
| MN 2 | 20 | ||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | ||||||
| MN 1 | 22.4 | ||||||
| 23.03 * | |||||||
| 23.1 | |||||||
| 29.5 | |||||||