International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
- J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | South American Land Mammal Ages | Cenozoic Subepochs | Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand | European Faunal Zones | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Wanganui | Haweran | 0 | |||||
| Northgrippian | 0.0042 | |||||||||
| Greenlandian | 0.0082 | |||||||||
| Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Lujanian | Late Pleistocene | 0.0117 | ||||||
| Chibanian | Middle Pleistocene | 0.129 | ||||||||
| Ensenadan | 0.3 * | |||||||||
| Castlecliffian | 0.34 | |||||||||
| Calabrian | Early Pleistocene | 0.774 | ||||||||
| Nukumaruan | 1.63 | |||||||||
| Sanandresian | Uquian † | 1.7 * | ||||||||
| Gelasian | MN 17 | 1.8 | ||||||||
| Mangapanian | 2.4 | |||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Vorohuean | Late Pliocene | MN 16 | 2.58 | ||||
| Chapadmalalan | 2.9 * | |||||||||
| Waipipian | 3 | |||||||||
| MN 15 | 3.2 | |||||||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | ||||||||
| Montehermosan | Opoitian | 3.7 * | ||||||||
| MN 14 | 4.2 | |||||||||
| Huayquerian | MN 13 | 4.9 * | ||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Late Miocene | Taranaki | Kapitean | 5.333 | |||||
| Tongaporutuan | 7.2 | |||||||||
| Tortonian | MN 12 | 7.246 | ||||||||
| MN 11 | 7.75 | |||||||||
| Chasicoan | 7.9 * | |||||||||
| MN 10 | 8.7 | |||||||||
| MN 9 | 9.7 | |||||||||
| Mayoan | 9.9 * | |||||||||
| Laventan | 10.9 * | |||||||||
| Southland | Waiauan | 11.04 | ||||||||
| MN 7 + 8 | 11.1 | |||||||||
| Serravallian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | ||||||||
| MN 6 | 12.8 * | |||||||||
| Lillburnian | 13.05 | |||||||||
| Colloncuran | 13.7 * | |||||||||
| Langhian | MN 5 | 13.82 | ||||||||
| Clifdenian | 15.1 | |||||||||
| Friasian | 15.4 * | |||||||||
| Pareora | Altonian | 15.9 | ||||||||
| Burdigalian | Early Miocene | MN 4 | 15.98 | |||||||
| Santacrucian | 16.2 * | |||||||||
| MN 3 | 16.9 | |||||||||
| Colhuehuapian | 17.4 * | |||||||||
| Otaian | 18.7 | |||||||||
| MN 2 | 20 | |||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||
| Deseadan | 20.9 * | |||||||||
| Landon | Waitakian | 21.7 | ||||||||
| MN 1 | 22.4 | |||||||||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Late Oligocene | 23.03 | ||||||
| Duntroonian | 25.2 | |||||||||
| Whaingaroan | 27.3 | |||||||||
| Rupelian | Early Oligocene | 27.82 | ||||||||
| Tinguirirican | 28.9 * | |||||||||
| Eocene | Priabonian | Late Eocene | 33.9 | |||||||
| Arnold | Runangan | 34.6 | ||||||||
| Divisaderan | 35.9 * | |||||||||
| Kaiatan | 36.7 | |||||||||
| Bartonian | Middle Eocene | 37.71 | ||||||||
| Bortonian | 39.1 | |||||||||
| Lutetian | 41.2 | |||||||||
| Mustersan | 41.9 * | |||||||||
| Dannevirke | Porangan | 42.6 | ||||||||
| Heretaungan | 45.7 | |||||||||
| Ypresian | Early Eocene | 47.8 | ||||||||
| Casamayoran | 47.9 * | |||||||||
| Mangaorapan | 48.9 | |||||||||
| Waipawan | 52 | |||||||||
| Paleocene | Thanetian | Riochican | Late Paleocene | Teurian | 56 | |||||
| Itaboraian | 56.9 * | |||||||||
| Peligran | 58.9 * | |||||||||
| Selandian | Middle Paleocene | 59.2 | ||||||||
| Danian | Early Paleocene | 61.6 | ||||||||
| Tiupampan | 62.4 * | |||||||||
| 66 | ||||||||||