International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
  • A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127751 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleNorth American Land Mammal AgesTen Million Year BinsCretaceous-Cenozoic of New ZealandCenozoic SubepochsMammal Paleogene Zones
18.5
21.7
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianArikareeanCenozoic 4LandonWaitakianLate OligoceneMP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26MP 2523.03
Duntroonian25.2
Whaingaroan27.3
RupelianEarly OligoceneMP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 2127.82
Whitneyan29.5
Orellan31.8
EocenePriabonianChadronianCenozoic 3Late EoceneMP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A33.9
ArnoldRunangan34.6
Kaiatan36.7
Duchesnean37
BartonianMiddle EoceneMP 1637.71
Bortonian39.1
Uintan39.7
LutetianCenozoic 2MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 1141.2
DannevirkePorangan42.6
Heretaungan45.7
Bridgerian46.2
YpresianEarly EoceneMP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 747.8
Mangaorapan48.9
Wasatchian50.5
Waipawan52
Clarkforkian54.9
PaleoceneThanetianCenozoic 1TeurianLate PaleoceneMP 6MP 1 - 556
Tiffanian56.2
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
Torrejonian60.9
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Puercan63.8
66