PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of China			Devonian of Czechoslovakia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian												0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian												0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan												0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian											27.82
		Rupelian													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian												33.9
		Priabonian													37
		Bartonian													37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1										60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1										61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian			393.3
		Pragian		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †		Wufeng †	Chientangkiangian	445.2
			Kralodvorian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		449.5
			Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice						Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †							458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
			Dobrotivian									458.5 *
			Oretanian									459.7 *
					Sarka †							461.7 *
					Sarka †				Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †			Dapingian				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian					Dapingian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian					Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian					Xinchangian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian					Xinchangian		Lianghekou †		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8