PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of England		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean							2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan							3.6
			Montehermosan							3.7 *
			Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
			Chasicoan							7.9 *
			Mayoan							9.9 *
			Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan							11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian	Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian							15.98
			Santacrucian							16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican							33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican							56
			Itaboraian							56.9 *
			Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian				Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran			514
						Montezuman			514.8 *
						Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8