PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale						North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian					0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
							Monroecreekian				23.1 *
							Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian					Geringian				27.82
		Rupelian									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian									37
		Bartonian									37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian		100.5
									Middle Albian		106.2 *
									Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian		113
		Aptian							Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian		139.8
									Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
									Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		157.9 *						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
											251.902