PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian					0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
						Monroecreekian				23.1 *
						Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian				27.82
		Rupelian								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian								37
		Bartonian								37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian		100.5
								Middle Albian		106.2 *
								Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian		113
		Aptian						Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian		139.8
								Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
								Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		157.9 *					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
										251.902