PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127243 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian Subages	Ordovician of the Baltic				South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian									Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian									Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian									Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean									Chapadmalalan				3.6
											Montehermosan				3.7 *
											Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
											Chasicoan				7.9 *
											Mayoan				9.9 *
											Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian									Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian									Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian									Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian									Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Friasian				15.98
											Santacrucian				16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian									Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian									Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian									Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian									Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian									Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian									Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Riochican				56
											Itaboraian				56.9 *
											Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian									Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
								Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
								Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						Keila				Idavere †	453
								Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
								Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
											Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
					Longvillian †						455.2 *
								Kukruse			456.4 *
			Aurelucian	456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						457.4 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Uhaku			458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Aseri			461.3 *
							Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian										467.3
			Arenig	Fennian								468.4 *
								Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
				Whitlandian								471.1 *
				Whitlandian				Hunneberg				473.7 *
				Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian								477.7
				Cressagian								480.8 *
								Varangu				481.3 *
								Pakerort				482.2 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8