PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127245 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian							0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
						Monroecreekian						23.1 *
						Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian						27.82
		Rupelian										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian										37
		Bartonian										37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					56
		Thanetian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian			100.5
									Middle Albian			106.2 *
									Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
									Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
									Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		157.9 *						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
			Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					208.5
			Alaunian					213.2 *
			Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian					242
			Pelsonian					243.8 *
			Bithynian					244.7 *
			Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan	445.2
						Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
						Cheneyan		451.5 *
						Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
							Actonian †	453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †		455.2 *
						Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
						Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian			470
						Whitlandian			471.1 *
						Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
					Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian							Paibian		494
		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian						Paibian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian	Drumian						Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian							530.7
												538.8