PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127245 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene											0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene											0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene				MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene				MN 16							2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene				MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene				MN 15							3.6
								MN 14							4.2
								MN 13							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene				MN 13							5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12							7.246
								MN 11							7.75
								MN 10							8.7
								MN 9							9.7
								MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene				MN 7 + 8							11.63
		Serravallian						MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5							13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene				MN 4							15.98
								MN 3							16.9
								MN 2							20
		Aquitanian						MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene											33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene											37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene											41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene											56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
					Planulata										179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
					Kanense										181.3 *
					Carlottense										182.3 *
					Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae										184.2
					Freboldi										185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
					189.2 *	Tetraspidoceras
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian							Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Pusgillian	449.5
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				Guniu †/Hulo		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
								Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
								Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian		Dapingian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian							Fennian			470
											Whitlandian			471.1 *
											Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian						Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
									Lianghekou †		Migneintian			477.9 *
					Cressagian						480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
															538.8