PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127245 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene				0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene	Villanyian			2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene	Ruscinian			3.1 *
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene	Turolian			5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian			7.246
								Vallesian			8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Vallesian			9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Middle Miocene	Astaracian			11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene	Orleanian			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
								Agenian			20
		Aquitanian						Agenian			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene				23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian			Early Oligocene				27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene				33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene				37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene				47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene				56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian								Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	174.7
						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian				358.9
				Middle Famennian				365.3 *
				Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian				372.2
				Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
				Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
			Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan		445.2
					Cautleyan		448.9 *
					Pusgillian		449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan			451.5 *
					Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
							Actonian †	453.2 *
							Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †		454.2 *
							Longvillian †			455.2 *
					Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian	470
					Whitlandian	471.1 *
					Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
	Series 2	Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
											538.8