PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe		North American Mammal Subages/Zones					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian		Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian		Sheridanian							0.129
							Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
													Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
							Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
													Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian	3
		Zanclean											Waipipian	3.6
													Opoitian	3.7
							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
												Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian												11.63
							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
													Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian												15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
													Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
								Monroecreekian						23.1 *
								Geringian						24.7 *
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
														37
		Bartonian												37.71
													Bortonian	39.1
							Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
													Mangaorapan	48.9
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan	50.5
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan	52
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian	56
		Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Senonian								Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1							Haumurian
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Raukumara				Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
										Mangaotanean	90.5
										Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9					Arowhanan
					Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
						Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian	Gallic		Motuan				100.5
			Late Albian			Urutawan				103.3
			Middle Albian			Urutawan				106.2 *
			Middle Albian		Taitai	Korangan				108.4
			Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian							113
			Late Aptian							117.5
			Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian							139.8
			Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
			Early Berriasian							142.7 *
														145