PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages	North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian			Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				Late Pleistocene								0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean				Middle Pleistocene								0.129
				Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
															Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene								0.774
				Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
															Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian							MN 17						Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian							MN 17						Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene	MN 16						Mangapanian	2.58
									MN 16						Waipipian	3
									MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene								3.6
															Opoitian	3.7
									MN 14							4.2
				Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				MN 14							4.7
									MN 13							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene						Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian							MN 12							7.246
									MN 11							7.75
									MN 10							8.7
				Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				MN 10							9.4
									MN 9							9.7
									MN 9					Southland	Waiauan	11.04
									MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene								11.63
				Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
									MN 6							12.8 *
									MN 6						Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian							MN 5						Lillburnian	13.82
															Clifdenian	15.1
														Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene	MN 4							15.98
				Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				MN 4							16.3
				Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				MN 3							16.9
				Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
															Otaian	18.7
									MN 2							20
		Aquitanian														20.44
														Landon	Waitakian	21.7
									MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
						Monroecreekian										23.1 *
						Geringian										24.7 *
															Duntroonian	25.2
															Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene		Kekeamuan						27.82
				Whitneyan												29.5
				Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
														Arnold	Runangan	34.6
															Kaiatan	36.7
				Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
															Bortonian	39.1
				Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
			Heretaungan				45.7
				Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian		46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene	Bumbanian			47.8
			Mangaorapan								48.9
			Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
			Waipawan	Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						52
			Waipawan	Clarkforkian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian			Gashatan			Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Tiffanian			Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Puercan							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
													Mangaotanean	90.5
													Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										Arowhanan	93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
													Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian										Motuan	100.5
			Late Albian										Urutawan	103.3
			Middle Albian										Urutawan	106.2 *
			Middle Albian									Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian											113
			Late Aptian											117.5
			Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
																145