PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126164 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean	0.129
								Irvingtonian	0.21
							Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian							0.774
								Blancan	1.4
							Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian		Mangapanian		2.58
					Villanyian		Waipipian		3
					Ruscinian				3.1 *
		Zanclean							3.6
							Opoitian		3.7
							Opoitian	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian							7.246
					Vallesian				8.7
								Clarendonian	9.4
						Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian			Astaracian				11.63
								Barstovian	12.5
							Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian		13.82
							Clifdenian		15.1
						Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian			Orleanian				15.98
								Hemingfordian	16.3
								Arikareean	18.5
							Otaian		18.7
					Agenian				20
		Aquitanian							20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian		23.03
							Duntroonian		25.2
							Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian							27.82
								Whitneyan	29.5
								Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian	33.9
						Arnold	Runangan		34.6
							Kaiatan		36.7
								Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian							37.71
							Bortonian		39.1
								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian							41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
							Heretaungan		45.7
								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian							47.8
							Mangaorapan		48.9
							Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
							Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
							Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
									145