PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe		North American Mammal Subages/Zones					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian		Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Ionian		Sheridanian							0.129
							Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
													Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene											0.774
							Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
													Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Waipipian	3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										Waipipian	3.6
													Opoitian	3.7
							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
												Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene											11.63
							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
													Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene											15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
													Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene											23.03
								Monroecreekian						23.1 *
								Geringian						24.7 *
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene											27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
														37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene											37.71
													Bortonian	39.1
							Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene											47.8
													Mangaorapan	48.9
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan	50.5
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan	52
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene						To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian								Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				72.1							Haumurian
		Santonian				Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara				Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
										Mangaotanean	90.5
										Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			93.9					Arowhanan
					Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
						Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic		Motuan				100.5
						Urutawan				103.3
					Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian				Korangan				113
		Aptian								117.5
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
														145