PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126164 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages		South American Land Mammal Ages			European Faunal Zones		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean							Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean									0.129
			Irvingtonian									0.21
					Ensenadan							0.3 *
											Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
			Blancan									1.4
											Nukumaruan	1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian						MN 17				1.8
		Gelasian						MN 17			Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean			MN 16				2.58
					Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
											Waipipian	3
								MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean										3.6
					Montehermosan						Opoitian	3.7 *
								MN 14				4.2
			Hemphillian					MN 14				4.7
					Huayquerian			MN 13				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian						MN 12				7.246
								MN 11				7.75
					Chasicoan			MN 11				7.9 *
								MN 10				8.7
			Clarendonian					MN 10				9.4
								MN 9				9.7
					Mayoan							9.9 *
					Laventan							10.9 *
										Southland	Waiauan	11.04
								MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian										11.63
			Barstovian									12.5
								MN 6				12.8 *
											Lillburnian	13.05
					Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian						MN 5				13.82
											Clifdenian	15.1
					Friasian						Clifdenian	15.4 *
										Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian						MN 4				15.98
					Santacrucian							16.2 *
			Hemingfordian									16.3
								MN 3				16.9
					Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
			Arikareean									18.5
											Otaian	18.7
								MN 2				20
		Aquitanian										20.44
					Deseadan							20.9 *
										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
								MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
											Duntroonian	25.2
											Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
					Tinguirirican							28.9 *
			Whitneyan									29.5
			Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	33.9
				Arnold			Runangan		34.6
					Divisaderan		Runangan		35.9 *
							Kaiatan		36.7
			Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian							37.71
							Bortonian		39.1
			Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian							41.2
					Mustersan				41.9 *
				Dannevirke			Porangan		42.6
							Heretaungan		45.7
			Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian							47.8
					Casamayoran				47.9 *
							Mangaorapan		48.9
			Wasatchian			50.5	Mangaorapan
			Wasatchian			Waipawan	52
			Clarkforkian			Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Riochican	Teurian	56
			Tiffanian		Riochican		56.2
					Itaboraian		56.9 *
					Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian					59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian					61.6
					Tiupampan		62.4 *
			Puercan		Tiupampan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
												145