PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean					Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian	Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	Tarantian	Late Pleistocene					0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean	Ionian	Middle Pleistocene					0.129
			Irvingtonian							0.21
									Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene					0.774
			Blancan							1.4
									Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene				Waipipian	3
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene				Waipipian	3.6
									Opoitian	3.7
			Hemphillian						Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene			Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian								7.246
			Clarendonian							9.4
								Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene					11.63
			Barstovian							12.5
									Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian	13.82
									Clifdenian	15.1
								Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene					15.98
			Hemingfordian							16.3
			Arikareean							18.5
									Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene				Waitakian	23.03
									Duntroonian	25.2
									Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene					27.82
			Whitneyan							29.5
			Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Late Eocene					33.9
								Arnold	Runangan	34.6
									Kaiatan	36.7
			Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene					37.71
									Bortonian	39.1
			Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian								41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
									Heretaungan	45.7
			Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene					47.8
									Mangaorapan	48.9
			Wasatchian						Mangaorapan	50.5
			Wasatchian						Waipawan	52
			Clarkforkian						Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Late Paleocene				Teurian	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian		Late Paleocene					56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian		Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene					60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian		Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian	Puercan		Early Paleocene					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
										145