PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene							0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene							0.129
			Irvingtonian										0.21
												Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene							0.774
			Blancan										1.4
												Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian					MN 17					Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian					MN 17					Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene	MN 16					Mangapanian	2.58
							MN 16					Waipipian	3
							MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene							3.6
												Opoitian	3.7
							MN 14						4.2
			Hemphillian				MN 14						4.7
							MN 13						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene					Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian					MN 12						7.246
							MN 11						7.75
							MN 10						8.7
			Clarendonian				MN 10						9.4
							MN 9						9.7
							MN 9				Southland	Waiauan	11.04
							MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene							11.63
			Barstovian										12.5
							MN 6						12.8 *
							MN 6					Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian					MN 5					Lillburnian	13.82
												Clifdenian	15.1
											Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene	MN 4						15.98
			Hemingfordian				MN 4						16.3
			Hemingfordian				MN 3						16.9
			Arikareean										18.5
												Otaian	18.7
							MN 2						20
		Aquitanian											20.44
											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
							MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
												Duntroonian	25.2
												Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene		Kekeamuan					27.82
			Whitneyan										29.5
			Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian			Late Eocene		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
											Arnold	Runangan	34.6
												Kaiatan	36.7
			Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
												Bortonian	39.1
			Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
												Heretaungan	45.7
			Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene	Bumbanian	47.8
						Mangaorapan			48.9
			Wasatchian			Mangaorapan			50.5
			Wasatchian			Waipawan			52
			Clarkforkian			Waipawan			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	Gashatan			Teurian	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene	Gashatan				56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene					60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene					61.6
		Danian	Puercan	Early Paleocene					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian							Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan	93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan	100.5
									Urutawan	103.3
								Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian							Korangan	113
		Aptian								117.5
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
													145