PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones							Mesozoic Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian								Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian								Middle Pleistocene			0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan											0.21
													Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene			0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
													Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene		Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian									Late Pliocene		Waipipian	3
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene		Waipipian	3.6
													Opoitian	3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
												Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
													Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
													Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene			23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Late Eocene			33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
														37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene			37.71
													Bortonian	39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene			47.8
													Mangaorapan	48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										Mangaorapan	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										Waipawan	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Late Paleocene		Teurian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1						Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1						Haumurian
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian		Motuan	100.5
						Late Albian		Urutawan	103.3
						Middle Albian		Urutawan	106.2 *
						Middle Albian	Taitai	Korangan	108.4
						Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian			113
						Late Aptian			117.5
						Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian			139.8
						Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
						Early Berriasian			142.7 *
														145