PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125993 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan								Irvingtonian	0.21
										Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian								Blancan	1.4
										Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian		3
		Zanclean								Waipipian		3.6
										Opoitian		3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							Opoitian	Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								Clarendonian	9.4
									Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian										11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								Barstovian	12.5
										Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian		13.82
										Clifdenian		15.1
									Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian										15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Hemingfordian	16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							Arikareean	18.5
										Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
				Monroecreekian								23.1 *
				Geringian								24.7 *
										Duntroonian		25.2
										Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan						27.82
											Whitneyan	29.5
											Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Chadronian	33.9
									Arnold	Runangan		34.6
										Kaiatan		36.7
											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
										Bortonian		39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
										Heretaungan		45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian					47.8
										Mangaorapan		48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan				Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan					Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1			61.6			Torrejonian
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian							Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian							Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
									Mangaotanean		90.5
									Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian							Arowhanan		93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
									Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan		100.5
									Urutawan		103.3
								Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian							Korangan		113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
												145