PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China				Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene			0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
														Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene			0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
														Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean				Late Pliocene		Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian										Late Pliocene		Waipipian	3
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene		Waipipian	3.6
														Opoitian	3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian												4.7
								Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
													Southland	Waiauan	11.04
								Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
														Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian						Shanwangian						Lillburnian	13.82
														Clifdenian	15.1
													Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					Xiejiaan							16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
														Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene			23.03
				Monroecreekian											23.1 *
				Geringian											24.7 *
														Duntroonian	25.2
														Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene			33.9
													Arnold	Runangan	34.6
														Kaiatan	36.7
															37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene			37.71
														Bortonian	39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
														Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian					Early Eocene			47.8
														Mangaorapan	48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Mangaorapan	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											Waipawan	52
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan						Late Paleocene		Teurian	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan						Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian									Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
											Mangaotanean	90.5
											Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan	93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
											Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan	100.5
											Urutawan	103.3
										Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian									Korangan	113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
															145