International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 127093 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | European Faunal Units | Cenozoic Subepochs | Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ||||||||||||
| 1.4 | ||||||||||||
| 2.4 | ||||||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Senecan/Rexroadian | Villanyian | Late Pliocene | Wanganui | Mangapanian | 2.58 | ||||
| Waipipian | 3 | |||||||||||
| Ruscinian | 3.1 * | |||||||||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | ||||||||||
| Opoitian | 3.7 | |||||||||||
| Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Turolian | Late Miocene | Taranaki | Kapitean | 5.333 | ||||||
| Tongaporutuan | 7.2 | |||||||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | |||||||||||
| Vallesian | 8.7 | |||||||||||
| Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||||
| Southland | Waiauan | 11.04 | ||||||||||
| Serravallian | Astaracian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | |||||||||
| late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||||
| Lillburnian | 13.05 | |||||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | |||||||||||
| Clifdenian | 15.1 | |||||||||||
| Pareora | Altonian | 15.9 | ||||||||||
| Burdigalian | Orleanian | Early Miocene | 15.98 | |||||||||
| Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||||
| late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian | 18.5 | |||||||||||
| Otaian | 18.7 | |||||||||||
| Agenian | 20 | |||||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||||
| Landon | Waitakian | 21.7 | ||||||||||
| 23.03 * | ||||||||||||
| 23.1 | ||||||||||||
| 25.2 | ||||||||||||
| 29.5 | ||||||||||||
| 34.6 | ||||||||||||