International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | European Faunal Units | Cenozoic Subepochs | Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ||||||||||||
| 1.4 | ||||||||||||
| 2.4 | ||||||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Senecan/Rexroadian | Villanyian | Late Pliocene | Wanganui | Mangapanian | 2.58 | ||||
| Waipipian | 3 | |||||||||||
| Ruscinian | 3.1 * | |||||||||||
| Zanclean | Early Pliocene | 3.6 | ||||||||||
| Opoitian | 3.7 | |||||||||||
| Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Turolian | Late Miocene | Taranaki | Kapitean | 5.333 | ||||||
| Tongaporutuan | 7.2 | |||||||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | |||||||||||
| Vallesian | 8.7 | |||||||||||
| Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||||
| Southland | Waiauan | 11.04 | ||||||||||
| Serravallian | Astaracian | Middle Miocene | 11.63 | |||||||||
| late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||||
| Lillburnian | 13.05 | |||||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | |||||||||||
| Clifdenian | 15.1 | |||||||||||
| Pareora | Altonian | 15.9 | ||||||||||
| Burdigalian | Orleanian | Early Miocene | 15.98 | |||||||||
| Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||||
| late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian | 18.5 | |||||||||||
| Otaian | 18.7 | |||||||||||
| Agenian | 20 | |||||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||||
| Landon | Waitakian | 21.7 | ||||||||||
| 23.03 * | ||||||||||||
| 23.1 | ||||||||||||
| 25.2 | ||||||||||||
| 29.5 | ||||||||||||
| 34.6 | ||||||||||||