International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
  • F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
  • Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
  • F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
  • J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
  • J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127093 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleCenozoic SubepochsEuropean Faunal ZonesNeogene Mammal Ages of ChinaEuropean Faunal UnitsSouth American Land Mammal AgesCretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
0
1.7
2.4
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianLate PlioceneMN 16YusheanVillanyianVorohuean/UquianWanganuiMangapanian2.58 *
Chapadmalalan2.9 *
Waipipian3
Ruscinian3.1 *
MN 153.2
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
MontehermosanOpoitian3.7 *
MN 144.2
MN 13BaodeanHuayquerian4.9 *
MioceneMessinianLate MioceneTurolianTaranakiKapitean5.333
Tongaporutuan7.2
TortonianMN 127.246
MN 117.75
Chasicoan7.9 *
MN 10Vallesian8.7
MN 99.7
Mayoan9.9 *
Laventan10.9 *
SouthlandWaiauan11.04
MN 7 + 8Tunggurian11.1
SerravallianMiddle MioceneAstaracian11.63
MN 612.8 *
Lillburnian13.05
Colloncuran13.7 *
LanghianMN 5Shanwangian13.82
Clifdenian15.1
Friasian15.4 *
PareoraAltonian15.9
BurdigalianEarly MioceneMN 4Orleanian15.98
Santacrucian16.2 *
MN 3Xiejiaan16.9
Colhuehuapian17.4 *
Otaian18.7
MN 2Agenian20
Aquitanian20.44
Deseadan20.9 *
LandonWaitakian21.7
MN 122.4
23.03 *
25.2
28.9
34.6