PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Cenozoic Subepochs		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean			0.129
						Irvingtonian			0.21
								Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene					0.774
						Blancan			1.4
								Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian	Late Pliocene				Mangapanian	2.58
			Villanyian					Waipipian	3
			Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene					3.6
								Opoitian	3.7
						Hemphillian		Opoitian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian	Late Miocene			Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian							7.246
			Vallesian						8.7
						Clarendonian			9.4
							Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian	Astaracian	Middle Miocene					11.63
						Barstovian			12.5
								Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian	13.82
								Clifdenian	15.1
							Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian	Orleanian	Early Miocene					15.98
						Hemingfordian			16.3
						Arikareean			18.5
								Otaian	18.7
			Agenian						20
		Aquitanian							20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene				Waitakian	23.03
								Duntroonian	25.2
								Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene					27.82
						Whitneyan			29.5
						Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene		Chadronian			33.9
							Arnold	Runangan	34.6
								Kaiatan	36.7
						Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene					37.71
								Bortonian	39.1
						Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian							41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
								Heretaungan	45.7
						Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene					47.8
								Mangaorapan	48.9
						Wasatchian		Mangaorapan	50.5
						Wasatchian		Waipawan	52
						Clarkforkian		Waipawan	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian		Teurian	56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene		Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene	Puercan	63.8
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