International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
  • J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
  • F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleCentral Paratethys StagesCretaceous-Cenozoic of New ZealandEuropean Faunal UnitsCenozoic Subepochs
0
2.4
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianWanganuiMangapanianVillanyianLate Pliocene2.58
Waipipian3
Ruscinian3.1 *
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
Opoitian3.7
MioceneMessinianTaranakiKapiteanTurolianLate Miocene5.333
Tongaporutuan7.2
TortonianPannonian7.246
Vallesian8.7
SouthlandWaiauan11.04
SerravallianSarmatianAstaracianMiddle Miocene11.63
Badenian12.8 *
Lillburnian13.05
Langhian13.82
Clifdenian15.1
PareoraAltonian15.9
BurdigalianOrleanianEarly Miocene15.98
Otaian18.7
Agenian20
Aquitanian20.44
LandonWaitakian21.7
23.03
25.2
34.6