PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
								0
								1.4
								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Senecan/Rexroadian	Yushean	Late Pliocene	Wanganui	Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Waipipian	3
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene		Waipipian	3.6
							Opoitian	3.7
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
				Baodean				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian						7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
						Southland	Waiauan	11.04
				Tunggurian				11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
							Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian		Shanwangian			Lillburnian	13.82
							Clifdenian	15.1
						Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene			15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan				16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian					18.5
							Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian	21.7
								23.03 *
								23.1
								25.2
								29.5
								34.6