International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
- J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | South American Land Mammal Ages | European Faunal Units | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ||||||||||
| 1.4 | ||||||||||
| 1.7 | ||||||||||
| 2.4 | ||||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Vorohuean/Uquian | Villanyian | Senecan/Rexroadian | Wanganui | Mangapanian | 2.58 * | ||
| Chapadmalalan | 2.9 * | |||||||||
| Waipipian | 3 | |||||||||
| Ruscinian | 3.1 * | |||||||||
| Zanclean | 3.6 | |||||||||
| Montehermosan | Opoitian | 3.7 * | ||||||||
| Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||
| Huayquerian | 4.9 * | |||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | Turolian | Taranaki | Kapitean | 5.333 | |||||
| Tongaporutuan | 7.2 | |||||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | |||||||||
| Chasicoan | 7.9 * | |||||||||
| Vallesian | 8.7 | |||||||||
| Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||
| Mayoan | 9.9 * | |||||||||
| Laventan | 10.9 * | |||||||||
| Southland | Waiauan | 11.04 | ||||||||
| Serravallian | Astaracian | 11.63 | ||||||||
| late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||
| Lillburnian | 13.05 | |||||||||
| Colloncuran | 13.7 * | |||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | |||||||||
| Clifdenian | 15.1 | |||||||||
| Friasian | 15.4 * | |||||||||
| Pareora | Altonian | 15.9 | ||||||||
| Burdigalian | Orleanian | 15.98 | ||||||||
| Santacrucian | 16.2 * | |||||||||
| Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||
| Colhuehuapian | 17.4 * | |||||||||
| late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean/Harrisonian | 18.5 | |||||||||
| Otaian | 18.7 | |||||||||
| Agenian | 20 | |||||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||
| Deseadan | 20.9 * | |||||||||
| Landon | Waitakian | 21.7 | ||||||||
| 23.03 * | ||||||||||
| 23.1 | ||||||||||
| 25.2 | ||||||||||
| 28.9 | ||||||||||
| 29.5 | ||||||||||
| 34.6 | ||||||||||