PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Mesozoic Subages	Mammal Paleogene Zones		North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran					Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean			0.129
										Irvingtonian			0.21
					Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian											0.774
										Blancan			1.4
					Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian						Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian								3
		Zanclean			Waipipian								3.6
					Opoitian								3.7
					Opoitian					Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
										Clarendonian			9.4
				Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
										Barstovian			12.5
					Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian								13.82
					Clifdenian								15.1
				Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
										Hemingfordian			16.3
										Arikareean			18.5
					Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Waitakian			MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25				23.03
					Duntroonian								25.2
					Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian						MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21					27.82
										Whitneyan			29.5
										Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Chadronian			33.9
				Arnold	Runangan								34.6
					Kaiatan								36.7
										Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian						MP 16					37.71
					Bortonian								39.1
										Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11					41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
					Heretaungan								45.7
										Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian						MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7					47.8
					Mangaorapan								48.9
					Mangaorapan					Wasatchian			50.5
					Waipawan					Wasatchian			52
					Waipawan					Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Teurian			MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian						MP 6		Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian								Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Haumurian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Piripauan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean					90.5
					Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
					Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan	Late Albian				100.5
					Urutawan	Late Albian				103.3
					Urutawan	Middle Albian				106.2 *
				Taitai	Korangan	Middle Albian				108.4
						Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian				113
						Late Aptian				117.5
						Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian				139.8
						Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
						Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian					174.7
						Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
						Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian				Sevatian					208.5
						Alaunian					213.2 *
						Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian					237
		Ladinian				Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian					242
						Pelsonian					243.8 *
						Bithynian					244.7 *
						Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian					251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Meishanian						251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian						253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian		Longtanian †				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian		Longtanian †				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan						259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian						264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
													538.8