PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126002 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Wanganui	Haweran								Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean		0.129
													Irvingtonian		0.21
					Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
													Blancan		1.4
					Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian						Yushean			Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian										3
		Zanclean			Waipipian										3.6
					Opoitian										3.7
													Hemphillian		4.7
											Baodean				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
													Clarendonian		9.4
				Southland	Waiauan										11.04
											Tunggurian				11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												11.63
													Barstovian		12.5
					Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian						Shanwangian				13.82
					Clifdenian										15.1
				Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
													Hemingfordian		16.3
											Xiejiaan		Hemingfordian		16.9
													Arikareean		18.5
					Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Waitakian										23.03
					Duntroonian										25.2
					Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
													Whitneyan		29.5
													Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Chadronian		33.9
				Arnold	Runangan										34.6
					Kaiatan										36.7
													Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian													37.71
					Bortonian										39.1
													Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
					Heretaungan										45.7
													Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
					Mangaorapan										48.9
					Mangaorapan								Wasatchian		50.5
					Waipawan								Wasatchian		52
					Waipawan								Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Teurian								Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Korangan			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5							303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Ashgill	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan				445.2
							Cautleyan				448.9 *
							Pusgillian				449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan					451.5 *
							Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
					Longvillian †						455.2 *
					Longvillian †		Aurelucian				456.8 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Aurelucian					457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian	470
					Whitlandian	471.1 *
					Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Series 3 †						497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
															538.8