PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Russian Platform		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian							Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian												Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean							Late Pliocene	Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean					Yushean							Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean					Baodean							Early Pliocene			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian					Tunggurian										11.1
		Serravallian					Tunggurian							Middle Miocene			11.63
		Langhian					Shanwangian							Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian					Shanwangian							Early Miocene			15.98
		Burdigalian					Xiejiaan										16.9
		Aquitanian					Xiejiaan										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian												Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian												Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites														168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum													168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense													174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons														180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum														182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni														184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi														192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
		Wuchiapingian														Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian										Longtanian †	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian											259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian											264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian											266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian											270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian		Keila					Idavere †	453
				Haljala						453.9
				Kukruse						456.4 *
				Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku						458.4
			Lasnamagi	458.9 *
			Aseri	460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
				Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov						467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
				Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg						477.7
				Varangu						481.3 *
				Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort						Late Cambrian	485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																	538.8