PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126197 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Cenozoic 6		0
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene				0.0117
				Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene				0.129
				Calabrian											Early Pleistocene				0.774
				Gelasian											Early Pleistocene				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	Tertiary †			2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene				3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene				5.333
				Tortonian											Late Miocene				7.246
				Serravallian											Middle Miocene		Cenozoic 5		11.63
				Langhian											Middle Miocene				13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene				15.98
				Aquitanian											Early Miocene				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene		Cenozoic 4		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene		Cenozoic 4		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene		Cenozoic 3		33.9
				Bartonian											Middle Eocene		Cenozoic 3		37.71
				Lutetian											Middle Eocene		Cenozoic 2		41.2
				Ypresian											Early Eocene		Cenozoic 2		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene		Cenozoic 1		56
				Selandian											Middle Paleocene				59.2
				Danian											Early Paleocene				61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												Cretaceous 8	Lancian/Edmontonian	66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian												Cretaceous 4		100.5
					Middle Albian														106.2 *
					Early Albian														109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian												Cretaceous 3		113
				Aptian	Early Aptian												Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian														139.8
					Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
					Early Berriasian														142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan			Jurassic 6		145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											Jurassic 6		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian												Jurassic 5		149.2
					Late Kimmeridgian								Kawhia	Ohauan					150
					Early Kimmeridgian									Ohauan					152.2 *
					Early Kimmeridgian									Heterian					154.5
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
				Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									Temaikan					164.3
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												Jurassic 4		165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites												168.2
					Late Bajocian			Humphresianum											168.4
					Early Bajocian			Humphresianum											168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										Jurassic 3		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense											174.7
								Thouarsense					Herangi	Ururoan					176
																			180.1
					Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum												182
					Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum												182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni										Jurassic 2		184.2
				Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni							Aratauran			Jurassic 2		188.9
Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		Jurassic 1		192.9
Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour		Otapirian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian					Warepan		208.5
				Alaunian							213.2 *
				Lacian							216.7 *
									Otamitan		217
									Oretian		221
			Carnian	Tuvalian					Oretian	Triassic 3	227
				Tuvalian			Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
				Julian							233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian						Triassic 2	237
				Longobardian					Etalian		238
				Fassanian							239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian							242
				Pelsonian							243.8 *
				Bithynian							244.7 *
				Aegean							245.5 *
				Aegean					Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian						Triassic 1	247.2
				Smithian							248.9 *
				Smithian					Nelsonian		249
			Induan	Dienerian							251.2
				Griesbachian							251.4 *
	DUrville			Griesbachian			Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic		Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan			Permian 4	Meishanian	251.902
							Waiitian				Meishanian	253.2
											Baoqingian	253.4 *
				Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	Laoshanian	254.14
							Puruhauan					Laoshanian	254.2
							Puruhauan					Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian		Capitanian	Aparima			Flettian					Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian				Flettian					Kuhfengian	264.28
			Wordian				Barettian						266
			Roadian							Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian		Kungurian							Permian 2		Luodianian	273.01
			Kungurian				Mangapirian						276
			Artinskian				Mangapirian						283.5
							Telfordian						285
							Telfordian					Longlinian	285.4 *
													288.5
			Sakmarian										290.1
			Asselian							Permian 1		Zisongian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Carboniferous 5		Zisongian	298.9
			Gzhelian										300.1
			Kasimovian										303.7
			Moscovian							Carboniferous 4			307
			Bashkirian							Carboniferous 4			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Carboniferous 3			323.2
			Visean			Carboniferous 2				330.9
			Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2				393.3
			Pragian			Devonian 1				407.6
			Lochkovian			Devonian 1				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni		Ordovician 5		443.8
			Katian			Pirgu				445.2
						Vormsi				449.6 *
						Nabala				Johvi †			450 *
					Viru	Rakvere							450.6 *
						Oandu							452 *
			Sandbian			Keila		Idavere †		Ordovician 4			453
						Haljala							453.9
						Kukruse							456.4 *
						Uhaku		Aluoja †					457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku				Ordovician 3			458.4
						Lasnamagi							458.9 *
						Aseri							460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda							462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum					464.3 *
						Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian			Volkhov				Ordovician 2				467.3
			Dapingian			Billingen								469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
								Latorp †						470.1 *
						Hunneberg								473.7 *
			Tremadocian			Hunneberg				Ordovician 1				477.7
						Varangu								481.3 *
Pakerort						482.2 *
Pakerort	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
										Sunwaptan				487.5
			Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan				489.5
			Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian							Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †			497
			Drumian						Cambrian 4	Marjumian				500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3				Topazan	504.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †					Delamaran	506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †			Delamaran	509
			Stage 4											Dyeran	511 *
			Stage 3							Cambrian 2				Dyeran	514
				Montezuman			514.8 *
				Begadean			519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1			529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	Vendian †	Poundian †				538.8
			Ediacaran							Vendian	Vendian †	Wonokan †				571.7 *
			Cryogenian													635
			Tonian													720
			Tonian							Karatau						800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau						1000
			Stenian							Yurmatian						1100
			Ectasian							Yurmatian						1200
			Ectasian							Burzyan						1375
																			1400