PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126165 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of China		Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5										11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3										33.9
		Bartonian				Cenozoic 3										37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Ypresian				Cenozoic 2										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1										56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8						Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7						Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			Cretaceous 4										100.5
			Middle Albian													106.2 *
			Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3										113
		Aptian	Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3										119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian													139.8
			Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
			Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6										145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5										149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4										165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian													168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian													168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian													174.7
			Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
			Early Toarcian													182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2										184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1										192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian	Sevatian													208.5
			Alaunian													213.2 *
			Lacian													216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			Triassic 3										227
		Carnian	Julian			Triassic 3										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Permian 3	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Permian 1	Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
							Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5				Kuzel	298.9
									Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian								Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4					Cantabrian	307
									Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3					Chokierian	323.2
				Arnsbergian						324 *
				Pendleian						327.4 *
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1							433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †				485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian			Paibian							494
		Paibian			Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Guzhangian			Wangcunian †				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		Drumian			Wangcunian †					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Wuliuan/Taijangian								Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Duyunian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Nangaoian									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2		Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1		Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1		Jinnigian									530.7
																538.8