PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	South American Land Mammal Ages		Mammal Paleogene Zones		North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene		Lujanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean		0.129
											Irvingtonian		0.21
							Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene								0.774
											Blancan		1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Vorohuean					Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan						3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
							Montehermosan				Hemphillian		4.7
							Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
							Chasicoan						7.9 *
							Chasicoan				Clarendonian		9.4
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene								11.63
											Barstovian		12.5
							Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian					Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene		Friasian						15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
							Santacrucian				Hemingfordian		16.3
							Colhuehuapian				Hemingfordian		17.4 *
											Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
							Tinguirirican						28.9 *
											Whitneyan		29.5
											Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Chadronian		33.9
							Divisaderan				Chadronian		35.9 *
											Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene				MP 16		Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian							MP 16		Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian							MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
							Mustersan						41.9 *
											Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
							Casamayoran						47.9 *
											Wasatchian		50.5
											Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene		Riochican		MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Clarkforkian		56
							Riochican				Tiffanian		56.2
							Itaboraian						56.9 *
							Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene								61.6
							Tiupampan						62.4 *
							Tiupampan				Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian	100.5
			Middle Albian	106.2 *
			Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian	139.8
			Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
			Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani		433.4
		Telychian			Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ungurian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian		485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian		489.5
					Aksaian		490.7 *
					Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian			Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian		Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian	Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †		505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						509
					Toyonian			510 *
					Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian			514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian			521
													525.5