PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian					Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian				Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean				Ruscinian							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Turolian							5.333
		Tortonian				Turolian							7.246
		Tortonian				Vallesian							8.7
		Serravallian				Astaracian							11.63
		Langhian				Astaracian							13.82
		Burdigalian				Orleanian							15.98
		Burdigalian				Agenian							20
		Aquitanian				Agenian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian									100.5
				Middle Albian									106.2 *
				Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian									113
		Aptian		Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian									139.8
				Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
				Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian									174.7
				Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
				Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian		Sevatian									208.5
				Alaunian									213.2 *
				Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian									227
		Carnian		Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian									237
		Ladinian		Fassanian									239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian									242
				Pelsonian									243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Melekhovian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian					Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					Urzhumian				264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Noginskian	264.9 *	Urzhumian
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
								Filipovian	276.5 *
						Pavlovoposadian		Filipovian	276.8 *
								Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
								Irginian	285.9 *
						Rusavkinian		Irginian	287.6 *
								Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
								Uskalykian	294.8
								Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian			303.7
						Khamovnikian			304.8
						Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian			307
						Podolskian			308.9 *
						Kashirian			311.4 *
						Vereian			313.8
						Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian			315.2
						Cheremshanian			316.9 *
						Prikamian			318.6 *
						Severokeltmian			319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
						Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Zapaltjubian			323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian						509
		Stage 3	Branchian						514
		Stage 3	Placentian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
													538.8