PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of Siberia			Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of North America					Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Serravallian																			11.63
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																			33.9
		Bartonian																			37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Ypresian																			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																			56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian														66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic														100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian														125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Pliensbachian																			184.2
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																			208.5
		Carnian																			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian																		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian																		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian																	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian																		259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian																		264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian																		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																			273.01
		Artinskian																			283.5
		Sakmarian																			290.1
		Asselian																			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																			298.9
		Gzhelian																Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian																Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian																Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian																			307
		Bashkirian																			315.2
																		Huashibanian			318.5 *
																		Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian	330.9
		Visean		Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	Kosovian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian			Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
					Eastonian						449 *
						Berounian					449.7 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
					Gisbornian							452 *
		Sandbian					453
							Turinian		453.7 *
							Turinian		Zahorany †/Vinice			Letna †	456.2 *
							Whiterockian		Zahorany †/Vinice		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian									458.4
						Dobrotivian								458.5 *
						Oretanian								459.7 *
									Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian			Yapeenian				Klabava †					467.3
					Yapeenian	Arenigian								468
					Castlemainian									468.5 *
					Castlemainian			Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
					Bendigonian										471.8 *
					Lancefieldian										473.5 *
								Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadocian		Tulean							477.7
								Stairsian							480.3 *
								Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
					Warendian										482.8 *
					Warendian										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †					Ketyan †/Yurakian						485.4
		Stage 10						487.5
		Jiangshanian						489.5
					Aksaian			490.7 *
					Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian						494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian						Series 3 †						497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian												499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian												500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan												Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan													509
					Toyonian	Lenian †												510 *
					Botomian													512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian													514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian													515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian													521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian													525.5
		Fortunian		Manykaian †	Nemakit-Daldynian	529
																					538.8