PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian											33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan											37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan											56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian										Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							Tatarian	Vyatkian		Longtanian †		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian								Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian								Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							Kazanian	Povolzhian				266.9
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							Kazanian	Sokian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian				273.01
											Filipovian				276.5 *
											Saraninian				280.1 *
		Artinskian								Artinskian	Sarginian				283.5
											Irginian				285.9 *
											Burtsevian				287.8 *
		Sakmarian								Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian				290.1
		Sakmarian								Sakmarian	Tastubian				291.7 *
		Asselian								Asselian	Shikhanian				293.52
											Uskalykian				294.8
						Surenian	297.5
						Surenian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
										Xiaodushanian	300 *
							Stephanian				Stephanian C			300.3 *
											Stephanian B			300.9 *
											Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A			303.7
											Cantabrian			305 *
										Dalaun				305.8 *
		Moscovian												307
							Westphalian				Westphalian D			307.4 *
											Westphalian C			309.8
											Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian			315.2						Westphalian B
				Westphalian A	317 *
				Westphalian A	Huashibanian					318.5 *
				Namurian			Yeadonian			318.8 *
							Marsdenian			320.2 *
					Lousuan		Marsdenian		321.2 *
							Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian		Chokierian		323.2
							Arnsbergian		324 *
							Pendleian		327.4 *
					Shangsian		Pendleian		330.8 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Shangsian		Brigantian †		330.9
				Warnantian	Jiusian		Brigantian †		335 *
				Livian			Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †						497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	504.5
															509