PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of the Russian Platform		European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian								MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								MN 16	Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian								MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean								MN 15		3.6
										MN 14		4.2
				Hemphillian						MN 14		4.7
										MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								MN 13		5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12		7.246
										MN 11		7.75
										MN 10		8.7
				Clarendonian						MN 10		9.4
										MN 9		9.7
										MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian										11.63
				Barstovian								12.5
										MN 6		12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5		13.82
		Burdigalian								MN 4		15.98
				Hemingfordian						MN 4		16.3
				Hemingfordian						MN 3		16.9
				Arikareean						MN 3		18.5
										MN 2		20
		Aquitanian								MN 2		20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
				Whitneyan								29.5
				Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian								47.8
				Wasatchian								50.5
				Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian		Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai		251.902
					252.4 *
			Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru		Longtanian †	254.14
			Kalabagh			255 *
			Wargal			256 *
						Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian			264.28
								265.3 *
			Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian					393.3
		Pragian		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Bolindian	443.8
		Katian							Bolindian	445.2
									Eastonian	449 *
									Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian							Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian							Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian							Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian	470
									Bendigonian	471.8 *
									Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian							Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian							Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †				504.5
												509